状语从句引导词(状语从句及其引导词)

状语从句及其引导词


状语

状语是修饰语,一般不作句子成分.一般修饰动词,可以是词语也可以是句子.状语是用来修饰谓语的.比如时间状语,地点状语,条件状语之类的.状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。

19.1 地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.

我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.

不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

19.2 方式状语从句

方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1) as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体,例如:

Always do to the others as you would be done by.

你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。

As water is to fish, so air is to man.

我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2) as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的",例如:

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)

He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.

他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)

说明:as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.

他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.

他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.

波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒。

19.3 原因状语从句

比较:because, since, as和for

1) because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。

I didn't go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。

He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill.

He must be ill, for he is absent today.

19.4 目的状语从句

表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导,例如:

You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.

He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

19.5 结果状语从句

结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导,掌握这两个句型,首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。

比较:so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many / few flowers such nice flowers

so much / little money. such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

( so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。)

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

The boy is so young that he can't go to school.

He is such a young boy that he can't go to school

19.6 条件状语从句

连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。

unless = if not.

Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.

If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

典型例题

You will be late ___ you leave immediately.

A. unless B. until C. if D. or

答案A。 句意:除非你立即走,否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不对,or表转折,句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.

19.7 让步状语从句

though, although

注意: 当有though, although时,后面的从句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.

虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。

He is very old, but he still works very hard.

虽然他很老,但仍然努力地工作。

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.

伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。 (谚语)

典型例题

1) ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.

A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless

答案:C。意为虽然她很年轻,却知道许多。

2) as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。

Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.

注意: a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b. 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

= Though he tries hard, he never seems…

虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

3) ever if, even though. 即使

We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

4) whether…or- 不管……都

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"

No matter what happened, he would not mind.

Whatever happened, he would not mind.

替换:no matter what = whatever

no matter who = whoever

no matter when = whenever

no matter where = wherever

no matter which = whichever

no matter how = however

注意:no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

(错)No matter what you say is of no use now.

(对)Whatever you say is of no use now.

你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)

(错)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,

(对)Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

19.8 比较while, when, as

1)as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。

Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.

2)当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when 引导这个从句,不可用as 或 while。

When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.

3)从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as,不用when 或while。

As the day went on, the weather got worse.

日子一天天过去,天气越变越坏。

19.9 比较until和till

此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。

肯定句:

I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。

Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。

(在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.)

否定句:

She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.

她直到6点才到。

Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.

公共汽车停稳后再下车。

I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后,我才会做。

1)Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。

Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.

直到你告诉我以前,出了什么事我一点也不知道。

2)Until when 疑问句中,until要放在句首。

---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候?

--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。

注意:否定句可用另外两种句式表示。

(1)Not until …在句首,主句用倒装。

Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.

直到19 世纪初,人类才知道热能是什么。

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

直到我开始工作,我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。

(2) It is not until… that…

19.10 表示"一…就…"的结构

hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思,例:

I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

As soon as I got home, it began to rain.

注意:如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构:

Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

情态动词

情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxil-iaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类:一是基本助动词,如have, do, be;二是情态助动词,如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语四、六级考试中,情态动词部分重点测试以下内容:

(1)情态动词+行为动词完成式

(2)情态动词+行为动词进行式

(3)情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

(4)某些情态动词的特殊用法

一、情态动词+行为动词完成式

情态动词+行为动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”,表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。

1. must have v-ed

must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为:can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。例如:

1)Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.

2)You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.

2. could have v-ed

could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。例如:

1)“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?”

2)“Tom could have taken it. He was alone yesterday.”

3.may / might have v-ed

may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如:

I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.

4. ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed

ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”,分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如:

1)With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.

2)You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.

5. needn’t have v-ed

needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为“本没必要…”。例如:

You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today.

注:表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小。例如:

“I wonder how Tom knew about your past.”

“He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.”

二、情态动词+行为动词进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如:

1)He must be playing basketball in the room.

2)She may be staying at home.

三、情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如:

1)They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.

2)He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.

四、某些情态动词的特殊用法

1. need

考试中主要测试 need 作情态动词与作实义动词的区别,对此,可参见表1.need 作情态动词时,后面跟不带to 的动词不定式,即 “need to”。通常用在疑问句和否定句中,表示询问是否有“必要”,其否定形式为needn’t,表示“不必”;疑问形式为 Need … do? 极少用于肯定句。例如:

1)I don’t think we need turn the light on at that time.

2)Need you ride a bike to school?

情态动词need与实义动词need 在时态、肯定、否定结构上的对比见表1。

2. dare

考试中主要测试dare作情态动词和作实义动词的区别。

情态动词dare 与实义动词dare 在时态、肯定、否定、疑问结构上的对比见表2。

3. can 和 may

考试中主要测试can,may或could,might表示可能性的区别及对may构成的疑问句的回答。

时态 情态动词need 实义动词 need

现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do

时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do

过 You needed (didn’t need) to do

时 He needed (didn’t need) to do

将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do

时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do

句型 时态 动词

情态动词dare 实义动词 dare

肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do

过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do

否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do

过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do

疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?

过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do

(1)can, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性;而may, might则表示事实上的可能性。此外,can还具有“有能力”的意思,而may与might则不具此意。例如:

1)According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.

2) Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong.

(2)May I / we …?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly;否定回答为Please don’t.或No, you mustn’t. 例如:

“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn’t. You haven’t finished your home work yet.”

4. can 和 be able to

can 与 be able to 都可以表示能力,但两者在用法上有点差异:can (could)表示主观能力,不表示意愿,它的将来时用will be able to; be able to表示主观意愿,强调要克服困难去做某事。例如:

1)My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses.

2)He is able to give up his bad habits.

5. must 和 have to

must 和 have to 都可以表示“必须”,但有几点区别:

(1)must 强调“内在的职责”、“义务”,而have to 强调“外界压力”、“不得已而为之”。

(2)have to可用于多种时态,而must一般用于现在时,其过去时与将来时分别由had to与shall / will have to代替。

(3)在回答must引起的问题时,如果是否定的答复,不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’t have to,因为mustn’t是“一定不要”、“一定不能”的意思。例如:

1)You must come to the classroom before eight.

2)It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now.

3)“Must we do it now?” “No, you needn’t.”

6. used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v

(1)used to +v意为“过去常常”,“过去一直”;be used to +v-ing / n(名词)意为“习惯于”;be used to +v意为“被用来(做某事)”。

(2)used to只表示过去,而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如:

1)He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.

2)He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.

3)The knife is used to cut bread.

7.用作情态动词的其他短语

would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如:

1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender.

2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.

3)I’d rather walk than take a bus.

4)If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.

注:这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句,that 常省去,从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如:

1)I would rather you came on Sunday.

2)I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.

状语从句的引导词有哪些?


1.表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导,例如:

You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.

He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

2.原因状语从句

比较:because, since, as和for

1) because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。

I didn't go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。

He is absent today, because / for he is ill.

He must be ill, for he is absent today.

3.让步状语从句

though, although

注意: 当有though, although时,后面的从句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.

虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。

He is very old, but he still works very hard.

虽然他很老,但仍然努力地工作。

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.

伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。 (谚语)

4.

地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.

我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.

不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

5.

方式状语从句

方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1) as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体,例如:

Always do to the others as you would be done by.

你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。

As water is to fish, so air is to man.

我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2) as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的",例如:

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)

He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.

他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)

说明:as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.

他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.

他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.

波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒。

6.

结果状语从句

结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导,掌握这两个句型,首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。

比较:so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。

7.条件状语从句

连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。

unless = if not.

Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.

If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

就这些了吧。

英语中原因状语从句的引导词:“because”“as”“since”“now?that?”的区别是什么。


because, as, for, since这几个词都是表示“原因”的连词,语气由强至弱依次为:because→since→as→for;其中because, since, as均为从属连词,引导原因状语从句;而for 是并列连词,引导并列句。

1. because表示直接原因,它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的,其语气最强。常用来回答why的提问,一般放于主句之后,也可以单独存在。例如:

(1)I stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨我呆在家里。

(2)Because Lingling was ill, she didn't come to school. 玲玲因病,没有上学。

(3)—Why is she absent? 她为什么缺席?

—Because she is sick. 因为她病了。

此外,在强调句型中,只能用because。例如:

(4)It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school. 我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。

2. since侧重主句,从句表示显然的或已为人所知的理由,常译为“因为”、“既然”,语气比because稍弱,通常置于句首,表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。例如:

(1)Since he asks you, you'll tell him why. 他既然问你,那就告诉他为什么吧。

(2)Since everyone is here, let's start. 既然大家都到齐了,我们就出发吧!

(3)Since I understood very little Japanese, I couldn't follow the conversation. 我日语懂得不多,因而听不懂对话。

3. as是常用词,它表示的“原因”是双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因,或者理由不是很重要,含义与since相同,但语气更弱,没有since正式,常译为“由于,鉴于”。从句说明原因,主句说明结果,主从并重。例如:

(1)We all like her as she is kind. 我们都喜欢她,因为她善良。

(2)As I had a cold, I was absent from school. 因为我感冒了,所以没去上课。

(3)As Xiaowang was not ready, we went without him. 由于小王没有准备好,我们只好不带他去了。

4. for用作连词时,与because相似,但它所表示的原因往往提供上文未交待过的情况。for不表示直接原因,表明附加或推断的理由,因此for被看作等立连词,它所引导的分句只能放在句子后部(或单独成为一个句子),并且前后两个分句间的逻辑关系不一定是因果关系,其间用逗号隔开,且for不可置于句首,for的这一用法常用在书面语中,较正式。例如:

(1)The days are short, for it is now December. 白天短了,因为现在已是十二月份。

(2)It must have rained, for the ground is wet. (从“地面潮湿”作出“下过雨”的推测,但地湿并不一定是下雨所致, for不可以换为because。)

(3)The ground is wet because it has rained. (“下雨”是“地上潮湿”的直接原因。)

前后两个分句间有一定的因果关系时(有时很难区分是直接原因,还是推测性原因),for与because可以互换使用。例如:

(4)I could not go, for / because I was ill. 我没能去,是因为我病了。

(5)He felt no fear, for / because he was a brave boy. 他没有害怕,因为他是个勇敢的男孩。

条件状语从句引导词有……


if, suppose, supposing, unless, as long as, in case, on condition that等等

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